ࡱ> k#` Ibjbj\.\. j>D>Dv@pJJJJRRR8RRRhTT"TTTiWiWiW$hPF%Y)W@iWYY%JJTTE:]]]YjJ8TT]Y]]׆0kTT 0("qoR,Z$\P0+@ZHkk8iWWh]cXTX iWiWiW%%p]jiWiWiWYYYYR(.$#R.JJJJJJ  Proceedings of the Workshop on the Development of Indicators to Monitor the Status and Trends of Species in South Africa 23 24 January 2007 SANBI Pretoria Day 1: Tuesday 23 January 2007 Welcome & introductions Jessica Conradie welcomed the participants and thanked them for attending the workshop. She requested everyone to introduce themselves briefly. A list of attendees, including their e-mail addresses is attached as Appendix 1 to these proceedings. Background & policy context Wilma Lutsch, Director of Biodiversity Conservation at the Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism (DEAT), provided background information on the policy context and process leading up to the workshop. Ms. Lutschs presentation is attached as Appendix 2 to these proceedings. Introduction to the National Monitoring & Reporting Framework & specific aims of this workshop Jessica Conradie explained that SANBI is currently developing a national monitoring and reporting framework as part of its compulsory functions under the National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act. She outlined the process to be followed and the overall structure of the current draft framework. She then highlighted the specific aims of this workshop within the larger process. Ms. Conradie explained that this workshop was looking specifically at the status of and trends in South Africas indigenous species, and that the monitoring would be taking place on a species by species basis. The indicators that were to be developed during the workshop should be applicable to as wide a range of species as possible, but must always be parameters which can be monitored for a single species at a time. She gave the example of population size as an indicator that can be measured for any species, but is monitored on a species by species basis. Ms. Conradies presentation is attached as Appendix 3 to these proceedings. Discussion Session 1: which species would you select? The workshop participants were each given cards and requested to write down the two species that they personally felt were most worthy of monitoring. They were further requested to write down the reason why they thought each species was worthy of monitoring. The cards were read out and stuck up on a board at the front and grouped according to the reasons for which they should be monitored. The aim of this exercise was to establish the reasons why / situations in which participants felt that species required monitoring on the species level. Three main themes or reasons for the species selections emerged, namely those that are heavily threatened / vulnerable to threats, those that are important in legislation / policy and the species that are indicators of ecosystem health / condition. A more detailed breakdown of the three main themes emerged as follows: I. The species are threatened / vulnerable to threats: The species is particularly heavily impacted by threats e.g. invasive alien plants. The species is utilised e.g. for hunting, muthi. The species occurs in a highly threatened habitat. The population of the species is declining rapidly. The species food source is declining rapidly. The species is a victim of accidental persecution e.g. by power lines, shark nets. The species is known to be susceptible to / be affected by genetic pollution / hybridization. The species has intrinsic characteristics which make it vulnerable, e.g. it is highly endemic to an area that is heavily threatened by some threat. The species has outstanding taxonomic issues. II. The species are important in policy: The species is listed as a threatened or protected species under the NEMBA regulations and thus it is a legislative requirement that it is monitored. The species is one of those for which there are hunting quotas under the NEMBA regulations. The species are important in EIAs. Species regulated under any other laws / regulations for which we need to monitor the effectiveness of the regulation. III. The species are indicators of ecosystem health / condition: The species is an indicator of habitat quality degradation / overgrazing. The species is a good indicator of other factors within the environment e.g. disease, pollution by heavy metals, changes in fire regimes. After all the cards had been stuck up, some questions were raised for discussion. The questions and the answers that were identified, with inputs from DEAT on the aims of the process, are below: Q: Do we want to monitor species that are indicators of system state and function? A: No, we do not want to monitor species to tell us about the condition of the ecosystem / environment as a whole. We are aiming to monitor the status of species, and so we must monitor species for the sake of knowing about how the species themselves are doing. Q: Do we want to monitor the populations of alien invasive species? A: Once again no, because we are interested in the status of indigenous species. Although monitoring the population of alien species CAN tell us about the magnitude of the infestation, it cannot tell us about the effect of the infestation on indigenous species, which is what we are interested in. For example, the number of veroa mites doesnt tell us about the impact on honeybees, we should rather look at the status of the population of honeybees. Q: Do we want indicators that tell us about multiple threats or single threats? A: It is often difficult to identify indicators which tell us about the effects of only a single threat, as threats interact to affect the overall status of the species. As far as possible, we need to separate out which threats are having a bigger impact than others on species. We may need a mix of quantitative and qualitative indicators to achieve this. In the case of some indicators and some species, the same indicator may need to be interpreted differently at different scales and in different biomes, this needs to be borne in mind. Introduction to discussion session 2: Species in South African Law & Policy Wendy Foden provided an overview of how species are dealt with in South African Law and policy to provide a background for the discussion session. A copy of Ms. Fodens presentation is attached as Appendix 4 to these proceedings. Discussion session 2: How do we select species to be monitored on species level Wendy Foden led a discussion based on the results of the previous discussion session, to look at how we should select the species that we monitor on species level. It emerged from the earlier discussion that there are two over-arching reasons why species should be selected for monitoring on a species-specific level, namely: They are affected by or vulnerable to threats; and They are important in legislation or policy. In the case of reason (b), species are often important in policy for the same reasons which they are threatened or are vulnerable to threats. For example, NEMBA listed species are listed because they are threatened by listed activities and species that have hunting quotas have these quotas because they are heavily utilised. Thus, the motivation for monitoring on a species level can be distilled down to being that they are threatened or vulnerable to threat. Based on this conclusion Ms. Foden proposed that we could use threats as broad categories for identifying indicators. She proposed a list of threats adapted from the IUCN red data criteria list of threats (see www.HYPERLINK "http://www.redlist.org"www.redlist.org). The following comments were made about the threats: A question was raised about the extent to which Genetically Modified Organisms have an impact on hybridisation of indigenous species. There are few examples of where such hybridisation has taken place. Forestry should be explicitly stated under agriculture. Under pollution we should list poisoning and eutrophication. It was agreed that only the overarching categories of threats would be used, for example Habitat Loss would be used, but not all its separate causes like agriculture, urban development etc. The final list of threats thus settled on was then: Habitat Loss Invasive alien species Harvesting Climate change Pollution / Poisoning / Eutrophication Natural disasters Intrinsic factors Hybridisation Persecution Some concern was raised that participants felt unclear about the exact aims of the workshop, and Dr. Willemse was requested to clarify in this regard. It was agreed that Dr. Willemse would make a presentation at the start of the workshop the next day giving examples of the type of indicators that DEAT envisages should come out of this process. Day 2: Wednesday 24 January 2007 Clarification of the aims Some concern was expressed at the end of the previous days proceedings that the aims of the workshop as laid out by DEAT were unclear. Gert Willemse gave a presentation on the aims of the workshop, including specific examples of the TYPES of indicators that DEAT would like to develop. Dr Willemse explained that DEAT wanted indicators which, as far as possible, could be applied to all South Africas indigenous species. He explained that although monitoring would initially begin on selected species, it should ultimately be extended to cover all species. He explained that the indicators should measure the status of species, and should be limited to examining the well-being of individual species. The indicators should not be things that give information about the general / wider environment. Dr. Willemse provided the following examples Proportion of populations which are genetically pure. Population size. Number of applications for permits Tilla Raimondo then summed up the proceedings of the previous day and led a discussion on the aims of the workshop until all participants were sufficiently clear on the matter. Introduction to group session 1: Characteristics of good indicators Jessica Conradie explained that the goal of Group work session 1 was to identify the list of indicators that the workshop participants felt should be used to monitor the status of and trends in species in South Africa. Ms. Conradie gave a presentation on the characteristics of good indicators to ASSIST participants in their selection. A copy of Ms. Conradies presentation is attached as Appendix 5 to these proceedings. Group work session 1: Selection of indicators All workshop participants were provided with cards and were requested to write down five indicators that they thought should be used in the final set. The threats identified during Day 1 were stuck on the wall to be used as headings. Participants were requested to go and stick their indicators under the appropriate threat. Duplicate indicators were stuck on top of one another. Once all participants had stuck up their suggestions, each participant was given 6 black stickers/dots which were used to signify votes for the indicators that they felt were the highest priority. Tilla Raimondo and Wendy Foden then led a discussion around the proposed indicators, based on the votes, which resulted in the compilation of a final set of indicators under each threat. The resulting list of indicators under each threat as well as the number of votes each indicator received is presented in Table 1 at the end of this document. There were some indicators that appeared more than once under different threats. In Table 2 at the end of this document, a final list of indicators with all duplicates removed is presented. Discussion: Can we use generic indicators across taxa or must they be taxon-specific? It was generally felt that many indicators can be used across a wide variety of taxa, although the specific parameters measured and methods for calculating / interpreting the data may differ. However, it was felt that this issue would have to be discussed separately for each indicator and that this discussion could only take place once indicators had been finalised and more information was available on the different taxa to be monitored. Introduction to group work session 2 Jessica Conradie explained that the purpose of the session was to look at three aspects of indicator metadata: possible data sources; methodology for calculating the indicator and any organisations that would like to assist in the development of the indicator (possible partners). Ms. Conradie gave a presentation on all of the metadata that is to be collected for indicators in the National Monitoring & Reporting Framework. A copy of this presentation is attached as Appendix 6 to these proceedings. Group work session 2: Indicator metadata The indicators were then discussed one at a time and participants were asked to make inputs on data sources, methodologies and possible partners. Not all aspects were covered for all indicators. The aim of this process was not to be exhaustive, but to gather any relevant information which could assist at a later stage in the process. The inputs obtained will be used when indicators are being further developed. Closing and way forward Jessica Conradie thanked all of the participants for their valuable inputs and indicated that the proceedings of the workshop, including the draft list of indicators, would be circulated to all stakeholders for further comment before finalization. She explained that once the list had been finalised, it would be submitted to the Minister of Environmental Affairs and Tourism who will further direct further the indicator selection process. TABLE 1: The list of indicators under each threat resulting from group work session 1, along with the number of votes each indicator received. The symbol * is used to show indicators that were proposed / adapted during the discussion and thus were not voted on. ThreatIndicatorNo. of votesHabitat LossPercentage of original habitat lost13Degree of fragmentation of subpopulations5Population size indices11Population age / stage / state structure (where state includes sex ratio)0Invasive alien speciesProportion of habitat with no recruitment7Population age / stage / state structure (where state includes sex ratio)0Proportion of individuals that are diseased2Distribution range of indigenous species (to show how it changes in response to alien invasion)0HarvestingIndex of the harvested product e.g. size of bulbs, weight of fish etc.9Population age / stage / state structure (where state includes sex ratio)17Genetic integrity of the population11Proportion of the population harvested from the wild*Proportion of the species in the wild versus private hands.*Climate changeDistribution range of indigenous species (to show how it changes due to climate change)11Phenological patterns4Infection rates2Population age / stage / state structure (where state includes sex ratio)4Number of mass population explosions0PollutionIncidence of poisoning0Toxin levels in filter feeders etc.0Number of individuals needing rehabilitation e.g. oil penguins*Breeding success 10Population age / stage / state structure (where state includes sex ratio)pNatural disastersPopulation size indices0Intrinsic factorsRecruitment success11HybridisationHeterozygosity of important genes*Proportion of populations which are genetically pure*PersecutionNumber of accidental mortalities, e.g. bycatch, roadkill, power line*Number of applications for permits* TABLE 2: Final list of indicators agreed at the workshop. NumberIndicator1Breeding success 2Degree of fragmentation of subpopulations3Distribution range of indigenous species4Genetic integrity of the population5Heterozygosity of important genes6Incidence of poisoning7Index of the harvested product e.g. size of bulbs, weight of fish etc.8Infection rates9Number of accidental mortalities, e.g. bycatch, roadkill, power line10Number of applications for permits11Number of individuals needing rehabilitation e.g. oil penguins12Number of mass population explosions13Percentage of original habitat lost14Phenological patterns15Population age / stage / state structure (where state includes sex ratio)16Population size indices17Proportion of habitat with no recruitment18Proportion of individuals that are diseased19Proportion of populations which are genetically pure20Proportion of the population harvested from the wild21Proportion of the species in the wild versus private hands.22Recruitment success23Toxin levels in filter feeders etc     PAGE  PAGE 1 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